Natural Hazards in the Mediterranean Basin

Let's review the test:

Question 1

The most correct answer is a.
The floods in the Mediterranean basin are frequent and widespread throughout the region. They occur three to six times a year, usually in the fall, when the sea is warmest.

Bibliography
https://www.coe.int/en/web/europarisks/water-related-risks https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/floods

Question 2

The most correct answer is a.
The increasingly frequent droughts exert pressure on the available water resource, primarily accentuating the water stress of crops and animals, but also generating conflicts in the use of water between permanent and tourist populations, and contributing to the development of forest fires.

Bibliography
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/mediterranean-nearly-dried-up-cataclysmic-flood-revived-it https://www.gouvernement.fr/risques/secheresse

Question 3

The most correct answer is b.
Coastal erosion firstly causes the weakening of coastal infrastructures such as riprap, quays and banks, and constructions located along the sideline. They also lead to a weakening of the deltas and a reduction in the beaches.

Bibliography
https://www.coastalhazardwheel.org/coastal-flooding/ https://www.climatechangepost.com/croatia/coastal-floods/

Question 4

The most correct answer is c.
The Mediterranean region is a geologically active region, which is the source of nearly 200,000 earthquakes during the 20th century. Volcanism is a consequence of the geologic activity. Floods are not considered as geological hazards.

Bibliography
https://www.n-d-a.org/earthquake.php https://www.emsc-csem.org/#2

Question 5

The most correct answer is b.
The accumulation of sediments in watercourses worsens the intensity of torrential floods in Mediterranean watercourses, by raising the bed of rivers. This evolution of the river bed can also cause difficulties for navigation, but many Mediterranean rivers are not navigable because of their irregular course.

Bibliography
https://www.teagasc.ie/publications/2020/water-quality-the-role-of-sediment-.php

Question 6

The most correct answer is c.
The main effect of climate change in the Mediterranean is likely to be the increase in drought phenomena and the reduction of available fresh water, especially in summer. Climate change may also lead to accentuating the contrasts between dry and wet periods, the intensity of flooding phenomena, and the increase in fires.

Bibliography
https://www.coe.int/en/web/europarisks/climate-change-impact#{%2244057220%22:[1]}
https://www.coe.int/t/dg4/majorhazards/activites/2009/Murcia_26-27oct2009/Murcia_26-27oct09_Micallef.pdf

For all the subjects considered you can also refer to the Pedagocical guide chapter Natural Hazards